Cosmetic surgery
When the outward appearance no longer matches the internal image of oneself, the feeling of self-worth can be seriously undermined. Many people closely link confidence and positive energy with beautiful and proportional outward appearance.
Outward appearance has an essential function in everyday life.
From the medical point of view, plastic surgery is not only used to improve self-image, it is also taken into consideration after accidents, when this type of treatment can be necessary.
In recent years, immense progress has been achieved in this area in terms of types of treatment and surgical methods:
-Breast augmentation
-Breast lift
-Breast reduction
-Buttock reshaping
-Cheek correction
-Chin correction
-Otoplasty/Ear correction
-Eyelid correction
-Face lift
-Hair transplantation
-Lip correction
-Liposuction/ Fat removal
-Rhinoplasty/ Nose correction
-Skin correction
-Scar removal
-Sweat gland removal
- “Spider” treatment of the veins
-Thigh lift
-Abdominal lift
-Wrinkle correction
-Wrinkle filler treatment
Breast augmentation
The breasts are one of the most important feminine symbols and have a significant role in the feeling of self-worth. Women who are dissatisfied with the natural shape of their breasts, changes caused by aging and loss of weight, disproportional breasts and small breasts can find help in cosmetic surgery.
Breast augmentation is one of the most frequent procedures in cosmetic/plastic surgery and it is not performed for solely aesthetic reasons. The reconstruction of breasts using silicon implants can be necessary in early stages of breast deformation or after amputation of breasts due to a malignant disease.
The methods of the typical breast augmentation differ in the type, shape and size of the implants. The implant filling is composed of silicon and biocompatible saline; sometimes an empty implant is inserted and the filling is later injected.
The pros and cons of each method must be thoroughly considered in each individual case. The procedure itself is conducted under general anaesthesia and it is necessary that the patient stay in the hospital for 1-3 days.
All post-surgical measures are designed to help the process of recovery. In the first weeks after the surgery, it is recommended to wear a special brassiere that lifts the breasts. Sports and other physical activities should be avoided for approximately 2 months. After about 6 months, these complications should entirely disappear, along with most of the scars. At this stage, the results of the breast surgery become visible and recognizable.
Biocompatibility of the implant may represent a certain amount of risk because the implant is essentially an alien object in your body. In some cases, a hardening of the outer coat can occur as the result of a defence mechanism. A second corrective surgery might be helpful in this case.
Breast lift
The breasts are one of the most important feminine features. When they lose firmness and elasticity due to natural factors such as pregnancy, breast feeding and the normal aging process, cosmetic surgery offers the breast lift, also known as mastopexy, as one of the possibilities to lift and tighten the breast tissue.
When it is no longer realistic to expect improvements through balanced diet, exercise and cosmetics, a breast lift should be considered.
The body and breasts should be fully developed, and the patient’s health stable. A breast lift is a surgery which is normally performed under general anaesthesia. The procedure lasts for 2-3 hours, and the patient remains in the hospital for 1-4 days. In the first days after the breast lift, the patients wear a tight bandage to protect the scars and maintain tightness of the breasts.
After the surgery the patient can expect swelling, pain and potential haematomas. These problems are usually treated while the patient is in the hospital. The main risks of a breast lift are wound inflammation and oversensitivity in the breasts. If the wound is healing well and post-surgical measures have been taken, the patient can soon return to her normal daily activities provided that hard physical work is avoided.
Breast reduction/ Reduction mammoplasty
The size and shape of the breasts are very important to every woman. For many women, very large breasts have negative effects and are not attractive. Their weight can even cause medical problems: due to bad posture and curving of the spine a woman can suffer from neck, shoulder and back pain.
In modern cosmetic surgery, breast reduction is a frequent and usually routine procedure which helps many women regain confidence. Depending on the initial condition, different methods of breast reduction, also called mammary reductoplasty, are available. In most cases, it is combined with a breast lift to achieve the desired shape and firmness as much as possible.
The breast reduction is normally performed under general anaesthesia; the patient remains in the hospital after the procedure for 1-7 days. Following the surgery, the patient wears a tight bandage, but she can have a shower and maintain normal bodily hygiene after a few days.
As in all other surgical procedures, swelling, haematomas and potential pain are possible, but can be eliminated during the patient’s stay in the hospital. The patient wears a breast supporting brassiere for a few weeks which helps the healing of the wound. Some scars will probably remain on the skin.
If the patient follows the doctor’s advice for the best possible personal care after the procedure, all symptoms and problems should disappear within approximately 6 months, when the final results will also become quite visible. The symptoms caused by too large breasts will also be reduced.
Buttock reshaping
Today it is desirable to have a fit figure with well shaped buttocks. When sports and long-term changes in the diet fail to produce significant improvements, plastic surgery should be considered: to remove the fat, to tighten the buttocks after weight loss, to “tighten” the buttocks and make it rounder and larger.
In some cases, the three options, reduction, tightening (firming) and augmentation are combined.
The buttock reduction is normally achieved with liposuction, and, if necessary, by subsequent skin lifting. In the latter case, the muscle tissue of the buttocks must be stable.
Buttock augmentation surgery uses implants and fat transplantation in order to achieve the desired shape of the buttocks. Before the corrective surgery, the patient’s health condition must be determined. The shape and content of your buttocks are thoroughly analyzed and possible results are discussed.
The type and extent of the surgical procedure depends on the method of the treatment: liposuction usually requires only local anaesthesia, while the general one is used in larger surgical procedures. The patient is usually advised to remain in the hospital for one or two days, which ensures proper post-surgical care among other things.
The pain and swelling, or any other complications, can be successfully treated during the first few days following the procedure. During the next six weeks, special socks must be worn which prevent retaining of fluid in the tissue.
In case of correction with implants, the patient is not allowed to sit for a few days to prevent the misshaping of the buttocks. The patient can resume his everyday activities after approximately 4 weeks.
The final results show after six months: visibly better shape of the buttocks and firmer and tighter skin.
Calf reshaping
If the calves are asymmetric or too small, one should first attempt to solve this problem by exercise.
If this produces no improvements, cosmetic surgery offers calf augmentation.
Well shaped and potentially larger calves are achieved with calf implants, patient’s own tissue, or silicon or fat injections. The procedure is identical for women and men.
Cheek correction
Your face is not only determined by the shape of your eyes, nose and mouth, but also by the structure and the shape of your bones which form the basis of your face.
The proportions and the shape of the chin and the cheek bones are therefore equally important characteristics of a symmetrical face. High cheek bones are considered elegant and lovely. Plastic surgery can give “weak” cheeks a more beautiful shape and fullness.
Chin correction
When the chin is too prominent, protruded or if it is “weak”, flat and lacks projection, reshaping can make the profile of the face look beautiful and proportional.
In some cases, a genioplasty (chin reshaping) can be performed for medical or orthopaedic reasons.
This procedure can generally be performed after the jaw bone has been fully developed. Shifting of the chin area to the desired direction is surgically achieved after a thorough analysis of the face and consultations with the patient, in most cases with general anaesthetic. Depending on the type of correction, the surgeon removes parts of the chin or, in case of the lowered chin, visually shifts the chin by inserting an implant.
Swelling and haematoma are possible after the operation, but they soon disappear. The patient might also experience pain during eating or speaking.
The healing process should be aided by cold compression and proper care. The patient should maintain the oral cavity with special care.
With adequate care of the wound and generally positive outcome of the procedure, normal daily existence without difficulties is usually possible after 7 to 10 days.
Ear correction/ Otoplasty
On most people, ears are not a very prominent feature, except when they do not match the overall appearance, i.e. stand out in the negative sense: the so called “Dumbo ears” or floppy ears.
The problem of inborn malformation or asymmetry of the ear cartilage on both ears can be removed with a modern surgical procedure. This is a simple, low risk method of reshaping the cartilage that can be done on one or both ears.
It is recommended to undergo the procedure in childhood years, because the cartilage is then softer than in the adult years. The child should definitely be older than five when the main phase of ear growth begins. The procedure is performed on children and adults of all ages without significant difficulties.
Floppy ears are caused by the underdevelopment of the ear or the lack of ear folds. The surgical procedure creates the folds and fixes the ear into a new position. There is no fear of prominent scars because the procedure is performed in the rear part of the ear.
Usually, when there are no complications, the surgery can be conducted under local anaesthesia and lasts for two hours, or 30-60 minutes per ear. In extreme cases, the patient is advised to remain in the hospital overnight.
After the surgery, as soon as the effect of the sedative wears off, the patient can leave the hospital with an escort. If the process of recovery goes according to plan, the patient can return to work, and the children can return to school, within three or four days.
Eyelid correction
Our eyelids form a complete aesthetic unity with our face and contribute greatly to an open, friendly appearance. However, the natural aging process can leave visible marks. The skin and the muscular tissue in the area of the eyes can lose elasticity, which causes development of wrinkles and excess tissue. Furthermore, fat tissue can develop in the eye cavity.
Such skin irregularities are highly visible and described in common terms such as droopy eyelids (upper eyelids) and bags under the eyes (lower eyelids).
Depending on the nature of irregularity, droopy eyelids or bags under the eyes can create the impression of a prematurely aged and tired face. By lifting and visually rejuvenating the eyelids, the eyes and the face become more beautiful.
Face lift
True beauty knows no age. Nevertheless, many people want to stop the natural process of aging, or at least slow it down a bit.
Our skin is subject to the normal aging process which leads to reduced elasticity and tightness of the subcutaneous muscular tissue. Wrinkles appear primarily in the face and neck area, and the skin becomes limp. All this can cause different changes to your appearance and make your face look tired.
A person’s lifestyle can also leave marks: sunbathing, diet, smoking, alcohol etc. can accelerate the natural aging process of the skin.
Further deepening of already deep wrinkles will not be stopped by anti-aging creams.
Limp skin can be removed with a face lift, and the tissue can be tightened. If properly performed, a face lift can make your face look up to 8-12 years younger. The procedure is performed with special care to keep the mimic and features of the face intact, while maintaining the natural look.
The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia. It is possible to tighten the skin of the entire upper part of the face and to lift the neck and cheeks. Targeted procedures can also be used to soften the deep wrinkles between the nose and in the corners of the mouth.
Wounds that heal normally in most cases disappear within a few months. Two or three weeks after surgery, the patient can experience a tightening feeling on the skin, swelling and nausea. All undesirable side effects should disappear after that period, and the skin should be visibly tighter.
The healing process can be accelerated with a lot of rest and by raising the head during sleep.
Hair transplantation
Loss of hair is a common problem faced especially by men, even in younger age. When hair loss significantly increases and the hair stops growing, the thinning of the hair becomes apparent. The emergence of bald areas in most cases affects a person’s self-confidence.
The loss of hair is primarily influenced by genetic factors, but disease and accidents can also cause excessive and permanent hair loss. When the reasons for alopecia become clear, the therapy can be prescribed. It can include hormonal or medical treatment, or hair transplantation.
The purpose of having the hair transplantation is to evenly distribute the hair across the scalp. The hair gains more volume, and the bald areas are covered. This procedure is performed on the outpatient basis under local anaesthesia. About 14 days prior to the procedure, the patient should avoid alcohol and nicotine and stop using medications such as Aspirin.
The surgery begins with taking some hair from the area with a sufficient amount of hair (the donor site). Small follicular units (a group of hair that corresponds to natural groups of hair, about 15 hairs), a mini-graft (a group of about 2-4 hairs) or a micro-graft (a group of 1-2 hairs) is extracted from this area. The bald spots which need to be covered by hair (the recipient site) are prepared by puncturing small holes in the scalp. The hair is then ready to be transplanted.
The wounds on the donor site are stitched and later form a permanent scar. A compression bandage should be worn for 1-2 days. For optimal results, the procedure needs to be repeated several times due to the fact that one procedure allows the transplant of a limited number of hair groups.
Apart from the described method, follicular units can also be directly removed and transplanted. This method enables transplantation of bodily hair. A thin layer of skin forms after the transplant. The pain is usually localized and can be eliminated with an analgesic.
Depending on the complexity of the procedure, the patient can engage in sports activities 2-3 weeks after the transplantation.
In cases of a hair loss due to aging, the procedure can be repeated after a few years.
Corrective jaw surgery
The jaw plays an important part in the human daily eating process and verbal communication. An irregular positioning of the jaw can cause considerable difficulties in chewing, swallowing and speaking, which can have a negative effect on the quality of living. Long-term consequences include temporomandibular joint disorder which can be, among other things, caused by non-physiological straining of the teeth.
Apart from these functional limitations, the off-centre positioning of the jaw is often seen as an aesthetic problem due to the fact that the upper and lower parts of the jaw have a crooked biting area and therefore attract attention.
An inborn anomaly of the jaw, or an anomaly caused by an accident, can be corrected with orthodontic treatment, surgery, or, as is most often the case, a combination of these two methods.
Lip correction
Full, nicely shaped lips are considered sensual in most cultures, while thin lips do not correspond to contemporary ideals of beauty.
The lips are often thin from birth, but they can also grow thin with age and lose their beauty. Furthermore, some women think that lips that are not ideally shaped blemish their beauty.
To those who wish to have more nicely shaped or fuller lips, cosmetic surgery offers help in the form of lip correction and augmentation. This enables you to determine the shape and size of the new lips given to you by a cosmetic surgeon.
Liposuction
Obesity can cause not only psychological and social problems, but also health problems, because certain parts of the body, especially the ankles, suffer pressure from the excess weight.
The removal of body fat, known in professional terms as liposuction, can bring you one step closer to the body of your dreams, regain your confidence and reduce the potential health problems.
The results of liposuction can be especially promising for the localized “cushions” of fat in specific parts of the body such as hips, abdomen or chin.
Nevertheless, one must bear in mind that liposuction is not an alternative for the weight loss achieved through sports, a proper and healthy diet, and it is not a method to treat obesity. It simply enables the removal of specifically concentrated flab from certain parts of the body, giving it a more symmetrical shape.
Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a healthy diet and to stay in good shape through sports activities even after liposuction.
Rhinoplasty/ Nose correction
The nose is the central part of the face and therefore, an important feature, which means that its aesthetics in this respect is also important. Despite the fact that there are no perfectly symmetrical noses, due to cartilage or bone irregularities, it can be more intensely deformed: it can be too wide or too long, too protruded, crooked or too flat…
Nose deformities, such as crookedness, can disrupt its basic functions: breathing and smelling.
An irregularly shaped nose can be corrected. Rhinoplasty makes your nose proportional with your face and/or definitely improves the air circulation in the nasal part of the nose.
Prior to the procedure, the nose is thoroughly examined and the patient’s wishes are discussed. Computer simulation is usually available and it helps the patient to visualize the results of the upcoming procedure.
This is a low risk surgical procedure which is carried out, depending on the extent and complexity, under general or local anaesthesia. After the procedure that lasts 1-2 hours, the patient stays in the hospital.
In order to stabilize the new shape, the nose is placed into a mould for about 2 weeks. During this time, swelling of the nose and haematoma are possible, accompanied by mild pain.
A patient is advised to rest during the first weeks following the procedure, and the swelling should disappear in that period. Sporting activities should be avoided.
Skin correction
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Due to its exposure to outward influences, it is prone to accidents, environmental influences, and the signs of aging are more visible than on other organs.
Cosmetic dermatology prevents or reduces permanent marks and scars on the skin, such as warts, acne, venous anomalies (venous angioma), scars, stretch marks, signs of aging…
In most cases, the laser treatment or peeling will be sufficient to achieve cosmetic correction. This includes removal of the surface layer (or layers) of the skin affected by undesirable change. In the case of the laser treatment, the removal is achieved through vaporization using the laser beam. Different types of skin changes require different lasers.
A chemical peel is the removal of a skin layer using different acids.
In the mechanical peeling, the skin is peeled off using a rotating diamond or a small steel brush. Two weeks after the removal of the skin, a scab will appear on the surface of the wound under which a new skin layer will form. This is usually rejuvenated and smooth skin with few, if any, markings of undesirable skin change.
Laser and peeling treatments are usually performed on the outpatient basis. The type of anaesthesia depends on the size of the area of the treated skin. The peeling treatment is usually performed several times.
In order to avoid skin depigmentation after the treatment, sunbathing – natural or artificial – should always include high factor sun block for the next six months. After the treatment, the usual redness and swelling slowly disappear, and the scab falls off within 5-8 days.
Scar removal
Accidents, operations, acne and burns often leave scars. These scars are often located on visible parts of the body and diminish the overall appearance.
Frequent consequences are low self-esteem and the need to cover these parts of the body.
Apart from aesthetic problems, nerves can also weaken the vital functions: e.g. mobility of the joints reduces when the skin can no longer stretch over the joints due to the scars.
Today, unwanted scars can be corrected with a laser treatment, peeling techniques or surgical procedures, while simultaneously renewing the coherent texture of the skin.
Spieder vein treatment
Across the world, more than 50% of people over the age of 50 experience certain changes in the vein system, and about 15-25 % of all adults suffer from varicose veins.
In most cases, part of these vein diseases cause cosmetic or aesthetic problems.
Prominent varicose veins, however, are also very painful: they can cause drowsiness, heaviness or a tickling sensation in the legs. In some cases, these symptoms can greatly limit the daily activities of an individual. Without treatment, the problems with veins can lead to a blood disorder, vein inflammation and deadly blood clots.
Apart from dermatology and surgery, phlebology, a branch of medicine devoted to the treatment of vein diseases, offers different cures for vein diseases and thus restores the patient’s quality of life.
Sweat gland removal
Sweating is normally a physiological mechanism for regulation of bodily temperature. However, the condition when the sweat glands become overactive and the person sweats copiously even when he/she is not physically active, under stress or exposed to high temperatures or similar conditions, is called hyperhidrosis (Latin term).
The effects of excessive sweating can seriously disrupt daily life. When traditional medicines do not produce desirable results, the unpleasant sweat glands can be removed by a surgical procedure.
The least invasive surgical procedure is called the suction curettage. It is performed on the outpatient basis under local anaesthesia. The sweat glands are suctioned (a procedure similar to liposuction) and then smoothed to reduce the nerve supply. The benefits of this method are quick recovery and minimum scarring, but the percentage of repeated procedures is relatively high.
When the sweat glands are completely removed, which is a less common procedure, the skin is also removed, and the wounds are subsequently closed by stitching. After this procedure, healing of the wounds takes longer and it leaves visible scars.
In severe cases, there is also the possibility of a surgical treatment of the sympathetic (vegetative) nervous system which is responsible for sweat gland activity. The procedure includes intensive post-surgical care and regular surveillance of the wounds. The process of recovery is different with each patient.
Before and after the abovementioned procedure, you should avoid alcohol and nicotine and stop using anticoagulant medications.
Thigh lift
Our thighs play an important part in the perception of the body. Due to changes in weight, aging, gravity and even genetic predisposition, your thighs can lose their shape.
The problems of a folded skin and hips that resemble “riding trousers” can be corrected with sporting activity and a balanced diet, and in more complex cases, with liposuction. However, the excess skin can only be removed by a surgical procedure, the so-called thigh lift, and different methods are available in that respect.
Abdominal folds
The basic characteristics of a beautiful abdomen are slenderness and tightness. Even when the size of the abdomen is reduced with sporting activities, diet or liposuction, the problems of excess skin which is limp or hangs like an apron remain.
When there are significant oscillations in weight, e.g. during pregnancy, the skin partly loses the ability to return to its previous state. In this case, plastic surgery offers the tummy tuck treatment which removes excess skin and flattens the abdomen.
This procedure includes a wide range of plastic or cosmetic surgical procedures and should be considered only when body activity or a healthy diet cannot produce further visual improvements.
Eyebrow correction
Our emotions - sadness, anger, laughter, happiness – leave marks on our face. Barely visible when we are 25, these marks deepen with time and can no longer be ignored.
Wrinkles develop primarily because the facial skin is inextricably connected with subcutaneous facial muscles, and over the time, intense muscular activity reduces the tightness and elasticity of tissue, the amount of skin fat and connective tissue.
The most frequently occurring wrinkles are the so-called “crow’s feet”, glabellar wrinkles and frown lines.
Apart from other methods which provide visibly younger looking skin (face lift and laser therapy), correction of the eyebrows can also be done with products such as Botox or Xeomin, which contain an active ingredient botulinum toxin (BTX). This substance is used in small doses to avoid health risks, and is also very efficient.
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is injected directly into the skin with a syringe to block the transmission of the substance that causes contractions of facial muscles. The aim is to visibly soften wrinkles. The treatment requires minimum effort from the patient, and complications are rare.
The first visible results can be expected within 2-5 days. Within 6 weeks, the lines are visibly softened and flattened, and the skin is smoother.
This procedure does not aim at complete removal of all wrinkles, as this would turn the face into a mask, it rather seeks to make the skin visibly younger and to soften the wrinkles, while maintaining the natural look of the face.
The toxin disintegrates inside the body and within 3-9 months, the contraction signals usually stop functioning so the procedure needs to be repeated.
Eyebrow injections
Development of facial wrinkles with age is quite normal.
The reason for this is reduced elasticity of tissue and amount of skin fat, and the decay of the connective tissue. When wrinkles appear, aesthetic dermatology offers the possibility of anti-wrinkle injections with different tissue fillers which are injected into the wrinkles.
The impact of age on the appearance is thus corrected on the individual basis. Depending on the filling material, the results can be temporary or permanent.
Outward appearance has an essential function in everyday life.
From the medical point of view, plastic surgery is not only used to improve self-image, it is also taken into consideration after accidents, when this type of treatment can be necessary.
In recent years, immense progress has been achieved in this area in terms of types of treatment and surgical methods:
-Breast augmentation
-Breast lift
-Breast reduction
-Buttock reshaping
-Cheek correction
-Chin correction
-Otoplasty/Ear correction
-Eyelid correction
-Face lift
-Hair transplantation
-Lip correction
-Liposuction/ Fat removal
-Rhinoplasty/ Nose correction
-Skin correction
-Scar removal
-Sweat gland removal
- “Spider” treatment of the veins
-Thigh lift
-Abdominal lift
-Wrinkle correction
-Wrinkle filler treatment
Breast augmentation
The breasts are one of the most important feminine symbols and have a significant role in the feeling of self-worth. Women who are dissatisfied with the natural shape of their breasts, changes caused by aging and loss of weight, disproportional breasts and small breasts can find help in cosmetic surgery.
Breast augmentation is one of the most frequent procedures in cosmetic/plastic surgery and it is not performed for solely aesthetic reasons. The reconstruction of breasts using silicon implants can be necessary in early stages of breast deformation or after amputation of breasts due to a malignant disease.
The methods of the typical breast augmentation differ in the type, shape and size of the implants. The implant filling is composed of silicon and biocompatible saline; sometimes an empty implant is inserted and the filling is later injected.
The pros and cons of each method must be thoroughly considered in each individual case. The procedure itself is conducted under general anaesthesia and it is necessary that the patient stay in the hospital for 1-3 days.
All post-surgical measures are designed to help the process of recovery. In the first weeks after the surgery, it is recommended to wear a special brassiere that lifts the breasts. Sports and other physical activities should be avoided for approximately 2 months. After about 6 months, these complications should entirely disappear, along with most of the scars. At this stage, the results of the breast surgery become visible and recognizable.
Biocompatibility of the implant may represent a certain amount of risk because the implant is essentially an alien object in your body. In some cases, a hardening of the outer coat can occur as the result of a defence mechanism. A second corrective surgery might be helpful in this case.
Breast lift
The breasts are one of the most important feminine features. When they lose firmness and elasticity due to natural factors such as pregnancy, breast feeding and the normal aging process, cosmetic surgery offers the breast lift, also known as mastopexy, as one of the possibilities to lift and tighten the breast tissue.
When it is no longer realistic to expect improvements through balanced diet, exercise and cosmetics, a breast lift should be considered.
The body and breasts should be fully developed, and the patient’s health stable. A breast lift is a surgery which is normally performed under general anaesthesia. The procedure lasts for 2-3 hours, and the patient remains in the hospital for 1-4 days. In the first days after the breast lift, the patients wear a tight bandage to protect the scars and maintain tightness of the breasts.
After the surgery the patient can expect swelling, pain and potential haematomas. These problems are usually treated while the patient is in the hospital. The main risks of a breast lift are wound inflammation and oversensitivity in the breasts. If the wound is healing well and post-surgical measures have been taken, the patient can soon return to her normal daily activities provided that hard physical work is avoided.
Breast reduction/ Reduction mammoplasty
The size and shape of the breasts are very important to every woman. For many women, very large breasts have negative effects and are not attractive. Their weight can even cause medical problems: due to bad posture and curving of the spine a woman can suffer from neck, shoulder and back pain.
In modern cosmetic surgery, breast reduction is a frequent and usually routine procedure which helps many women regain confidence. Depending on the initial condition, different methods of breast reduction, also called mammary reductoplasty, are available. In most cases, it is combined with a breast lift to achieve the desired shape and firmness as much as possible.
The breast reduction is normally performed under general anaesthesia; the patient remains in the hospital after the procedure for 1-7 days. Following the surgery, the patient wears a tight bandage, but she can have a shower and maintain normal bodily hygiene after a few days.
As in all other surgical procedures, swelling, haematomas and potential pain are possible, but can be eliminated during the patient’s stay in the hospital. The patient wears a breast supporting brassiere for a few weeks which helps the healing of the wound. Some scars will probably remain on the skin.
If the patient follows the doctor’s advice for the best possible personal care after the procedure, all symptoms and problems should disappear within approximately 6 months, when the final results will also become quite visible. The symptoms caused by too large breasts will also be reduced.
Buttock reshaping
Today it is desirable to have a fit figure with well shaped buttocks. When sports and long-term changes in the diet fail to produce significant improvements, plastic surgery should be considered: to remove the fat, to tighten the buttocks after weight loss, to “tighten” the buttocks and make it rounder and larger.
In some cases, the three options, reduction, tightening (firming) and augmentation are combined.
The buttock reduction is normally achieved with liposuction, and, if necessary, by subsequent skin lifting. In the latter case, the muscle tissue of the buttocks must be stable.
Buttock augmentation surgery uses implants and fat transplantation in order to achieve the desired shape of the buttocks. Before the corrective surgery, the patient’s health condition must be determined. The shape and content of your buttocks are thoroughly analyzed and possible results are discussed.
The type and extent of the surgical procedure depends on the method of the treatment: liposuction usually requires only local anaesthesia, while the general one is used in larger surgical procedures. The patient is usually advised to remain in the hospital for one or two days, which ensures proper post-surgical care among other things.
The pain and swelling, or any other complications, can be successfully treated during the first few days following the procedure. During the next six weeks, special socks must be worn which prevent retaining of fluid in the tissue.
In case of correction with implants, the patient is not allowed to sit for a few days to prevent the misshaping of the buttocks. The patient can resume his everyday activities after approximately 4 weeks.
The final results show after six months: visibly better shape of the buttocks and firmer and tighter skin.
Calf reshaping
If the calves are asymmetric or too small, one should first attempt to solve this problem by exercise.
If this produces no improvements, cosmetic surgery offers calf augmentation.
Well shaped and potentially larger calves are achieved with calf implants, patient’s own tissue, or silicon or fat injections. The procedure is identical for women and men.
Cheek correction
Your face is not only determined by the shape of your eyes, nose and mouth, but also by the structure and the shape of your bones which form the basis of your face.
The proportions and the shape of the chin and the cheek bones are therefore equally important characteristics of a symmetrical face. High cheek bones are considered elegant and lovely. Plastic surgery can give “weak” cheeks a more beautiful shape and fullness.
Chin correction
When the chin is too prominent, protruded or if it is “weak”, flat and lacks projection, reshaping can make the profile of the face look beautiful and proportional.
In some cases, a genioplasty (chin reshaping) can be performed for medical or orthopaedic reasons.
This procedure can generally be performed after the jaw bone has been fully developed. Shifting of the chin area to the desired direction is surgically achieved after a thorough analysis of the face and consultations with the patient, in most cases with general anaesthetic. Depending on the type of correction, the surgeon removes parts of the chin or, in case of the lowered chin, visually shifts the chin by inserting an implant.
Swelling and haematoma are possible after the operation, but they soon disappear. The patient might also experience pain during eating or speaking.
The healing process should be aided by cold compression and proper care. The patient should maintain the oral cavity with special care.
With adequate care of the wound and generally positive outcome of the procedure, normal daily existence without difficulties is usually possible after 7 to 10 days.
Ear correction/ Otoplasty
On most people, ears are not a very prominent feature, except when they do not match the overall appearance, i.e. stand out in the negative sense: the so called “Dumbo ears” or floppy ears.
The problem of inborn malformation or asymmetry of the ear cartilage on both ears can be removed with a modern surgical procedure. This is a simple, low risk method of reshaping the cartilage that can be done on one or both ears.
It is recommended to undergo the procedure in childhood years, because the cartilage is then softer than in the adult years. The child should definitely be older than five when the main phase of ear growth begins. The procedure is performed on children and adults of all ages without significant difficulties.
Floppy ears are caused by the underdevelopment of the ear or the lack of ear folds. The surgical procedure creates the folds and fixes the ear into a new position. There is no fear of prominent scars because the procedure is performed in the rear part of the ear.
Usually, when there are no complications, the surgery can be conducted under local anaesthesia and lasts for two hours, or 30-60 minutes per ear. In extreme cases, the patient is advised to remain in the hospital overnight.
After the surgery, as soon as the effect of the sedative wears off, the patient can leave the hospital with an escort. If the process of recovery goes according to plan, the patient can return to work, and the children can return to school, within three or four days.
Eyelid correction
Our eyelids form a complete aesthetic unity with our face and contribute greatly to an open, friendly appearance. However, the natural aging process can leave visible marks. The skin and the muscular tissue in the area of the eyes can lose elasticity, which causes development of wrinkles and excess tissue. Furthermore, fat tissue can develop in the eye cavity.
Such skin irregularities are highly visible and described in common terms such as droopy eyelids (upper eyelids) and bags under the eyes (lower eyelids).
Depending on the nature of irregularity, droopy eyelids or bags under the eyes can create the impression of a prematurely aged and tired face. By lifting and visually rejuvenating the eyelids, the eyes and the face become more beautiful.
Face lift
True beauty knows no age. Nevertheless, many people want to stop the natural process of aging, or at least slow it down a bit.
Our skin is subject to the normal aging process which leads to reduced elasticity and tightness of the subcutaneous muscular tissue. Wrinkles appear primarily in the face and neck area, and the skin becomes limp. All this can cause different changes to your appearance and make your face look tired.
A person’s lifestyle can also leave marks: sunbathing, diet, smoking, alcohol etc. can accelerate the natural aging process of the skin.
Further deepening of already deep wrinkles will not be stopped by anti-aging creams.
Limp skin can be removed with a face lift, and the tissue can be tightened. If properly performed, a face lift can make your face look up to 8-12 years younger. The procedure is performed with special care to keep the mimic and features of the face intact, while maintaining the natural look.
The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia. It is possible to tighten the skin of the entire upper part of the face and to lift the neck and cheeks. Targeted procedures can also be used to soften the deep wrinkles between the nose and in the corners of the mouth.
Wounds that heal normally in most cases disappear within a few months. Two or three weeks after surgery, the patient can experience a tightening feeling on the skin, swelling and nausea. All undesirable side effects should disappear after that period, and the skin should be visibly tighter.
The healing process can be accelerated with a lot of rest and by raising the head during sleep.
Hair transplantation
Loss of hair is a common problem faced especially by men, even in younger age. When hair loss significantly increases and the hair stops growing, the thinning of the hair becomes apparent. The emergence of bald areas in most cases affects a person’s self-confidence.
The loss of hair is primarily influenced by genetic factors, but disease and accidents can also cause excessive and permanent hair loss. When the reasons for alopecia become clear, the therapy can be prescribed. It can include hormonal or medical treatment, or hair transplantation.
The purpose of having the hair transplantation is to evenly distribute the hair across the scalp. The hair gains more volume, and the bald areas are covered. This procedure is performed on the outpatient basis under local anaesthesia. About 14 days prior to the procedure, the patient should avoid alcohol and nicotine and stop using medications such as Aspirin.
The surgery begins with taking some hair from the area with a sufficient amount of hair (the donor site). Small follicular units (a group of hair that corresponds to natural groups of hair, about 15 hairs), a mini-graft (a group of about 2-4 hairs) or a micro-graft (a group of 1-2 hairs) is extracted from this area. The bald spots which need to be covered by hair (the recipient site) are prepared by puncturing small holes in the scalp. The hair is then ready to be transplanted.
The wounds on the donor site are stitched and later form a permanent scar. A compression bandage should be worn for 1-2 days. For optimal results, the procedure needs to be repeated several times due to the fact that one procedure allows the transplant of a limited number of hair groups.
Apart from the described method, follicular units can also be directly removed and transplanted. This method enables transplantation of bodily hair. A thin layer of skin forms after the transplant. The pain is usually localized and can be eliminated with an analgesic.
Depending on the complexity of the procedure, the patient can engage in sports activities 2-3 weeks after the transplantation.
In cases of a hair loss due to aging, the procedure can be repeated after a few years.
Corrective jaw surgery
The jaw plays an important part in the human daily eating process and verbal communication. An irregular positioning of the jaw can cause considerable difficulties in chewing, swallowing and speaking, which can have a negative effect on the quality of living. Long-term consequences include temporomandibular joint disorder which can be, among other things, caused by non-physiological straining of the teeth.
Apart from these functional limitations, the off-centre positioning of the jaw is often seen as an aesthetic problem due to the fact that the upper and lower parts of the jaw have a crooked biting area and therefore attract attention.
An inborn anomaly of the jaw, or an anomaly caused by an accident, can be corrected with orthodontic treatment, surgery, or, as is most often the case, a combination of these two methods.
Lip correction
Full, nicely shaped lips are considered sensual in most cultures, while thin lips do not correspond to contemporary ideals of beauty.
The lips are often thin from birth, but they can also grow thin with age and lose their beauty. Furthermore, some women think that lips that are not ideally shaped blemish their beauty.
To those who wish to have more nicely shaped or fuller lips, cosmetic surgery offers help in the form of lip correction and augmentation. This enables you to determine the shape and size of the new lips given to you by a cosmetic surgeon.
Liposuction
Obesity can cause not only psychological and social problems, but also health problems, because certain parts of the body, especially the ankles, suffer pressure from the excess weight.
The removal of body fat, known in professional terms as liposuction, can bring you one step closer to the body of your dreams, regain your confidence and reduce the potential health problems.
The results of liposuction can be especially promising for the localized “cushions” of fat in specific parts of the body such as hips, abdomen or chin.
Nevertheless, one must bear in mind that liposuction is not an alternative for the weight loss achieved through sports, a proper and healthy diet, and it is not a method to treat obesity. It simply enables the removal of specifically concentrated flab from certain parts of the body, giving it a more symmetrical shape.
Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a healthy diet and to stay in good shape through sports activities even after liposuction.
Rhinoplasty/ Nose correction
The nose is the central part of the face and therefore, an important feature, which means that its aesthetics in this respect is also important. Despite the fact that there are no perfectly symmetrical noses, due to cartilage or bone irregularities, it can be more intensely deformed: it can be too wide or too long, too protruded, crooked or too flat…
Nose deformities, such as crookedness, can disrupt its basic functions: breathing and smelling.
An irregularly shaped nose can be corrected. Rhinoplasty makes your nose proportional with your face and/or definitely improves the air circulation in the nasal part of the nose.
Prior to the procedure, the nose is thoroughly examined and the patient’s wishes are discussed. Computer simulation is usually available and it helps the patient to visualize the results of the upcoming procedure.
This is a low risk surgical procedure which is carried out, depending on the extent and complexity, under general or local anaesthesia. After the procedure that lasts 1-2 hours, the patient stays in the hospital.
In order to stabilize the new shape, the nose is placed into a mould for about 2 weeks. During this time, swelling of the nose and haematoma are possible, accompanied by mild pain.
A patient is advised to rest during the first weeks following the procedure, and the swelling should disappear in that period. Sporting activities should be avoided.
Skin correction
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Due to its exposure to outward influences, it is prone to accidents, environmental influences, and the signs of aging are more visible than on other organs.
Cosmetic dermatology prevents or reduces permanent marks and scars on the skin, such as warts, acne, venous anomalies (venous angioma), scars, stretch marks, signs of aging…
In most cases, the laser treatment or peeling will be sufficient to achieve cosmetic correction. This includes removal of the surface layer (or layers) of the skin affected by undesirable change. In the case of the laser treatment, the removal is achieved through vaporization using the laser beam. Different types of skin changes require different lasers.
A chemical peel is the removal of a skin layer using different acids.
In the mechanical peeling, the skin is peeled off using a rotating diamond or a small steel brush. Two weeks after the removal of the skin, a scab will appear on the surface of the wound under which a new skin layer will form. This is usually rejuvenated and smooth skin with few, if any, markings of undesirable skin change.
Laser and peeling treatments are usually performed on the outpatient basis. The type of anaesthesia depends on the size of the area of the treated skin. The peeling treatment is usually performed several times.
In order to avoid skin depigmentation after the treatment, sunbathing – natural or artificial – should always include high factor sun block for the next six months. After the treatment, the usual redness and swelling slowly disappear, and the scab falls off within 5-8 days.
Scar removal
Accidents, operations, acne and burns often leave scars. These scars are often located on visible parts of the body and diminish the overall appearance.
Frequent consequences are low self-esteem and the need to cover these parts of the body.
Apart from aesthetic problems, nerves can also weaken the vital functions: e.g. mobility of the joints reduces when the skin can no longer stretch over the joints due to the scars.
Today, unwanted scars can be corrected with a laser treatment, peeling techniques or surgical procedures, while simultaneously renewing the coherent texture of the skin.
Spieder vein treatment
Across the world, more than 50% of people over the age of 50 experience certain changes in the vein system, and about 15-25 % of all adults suffer from varicose veins.
In most cases, part of these vein diseases cause cosmetic or aesthetic problems.
Prominent varicose veins, however, are also very painful: they can cause drowsiness, heaviness or a tickling sensation in the legs. In some cases, these symptoms can greatly limit the daily activities of an individual. Without treatment, the problems with veins can lead to a blood disorder, vein inflammation and deadly blood clots.
Apart from dermatology and surgery, phlebology, a branch of medicine devoted to the treatment of vein diseases, offers different cures for vein diseases and thus restores the patient’s quality of life.
Sweat gland removal
Sweating is normally a physiological mechanism for regulation of bodily temperature. However, the condition when the sweat glands become overactive and the person sweats copiously even when he/she is not physically active, under stress or exposed to high temperatures or similar conditions, is called hyperhidrosis (Latin term).
The effects of excessive sweating can seriously disrupt daily life. When traditional medicines do not produce desirable results, the unpleasant sweat glands can be removed by a surgical procedure.
The least invasive surgical procedure is called the suction curettage. It is performed on the outpatient basis under local anaesthesia. The sweat glands are suctioned (a procedure similar to liposuction) and then smoothed to reduce the nerve supply. The benefits of this method are quick recovery and minimum scarring, but the percentage of repeated procedures is relatively high.
When the sweat glands are completely removed, which is a less common procedure, the skin is also removed, and the wounds are subsequently closed by stitching. After this procedure, healing of the wounds takes longer and it leaves visible scars.
In severe cases, there is also the possibility of a surgical treatment of the sympathetic (vegetative) nervous system which is responsible for sweat gland activity. The procedure includes intensive post-surgical care and regular surveillance of the wounds. The process of recovery is different with each patient.
Before and after the abovementioned procedure, you should avoid alcohol and nicotine and stop using anticoagulant medications.
Thigh lift
Our thighs play an important part in the perception of the body. Due to changes in weight, aging, gravity and even genetic predisposition, your thighs can lose their shape.
The problems of a folded skin and hips that resemble “riding trousers” can be corrected with sporting activity and a balanced diet, and in more complex cases, with liposuction. However, the excess skin can only be removed by a surgical procedure, the so-called thigh lift, and different methods are available in that respect.
Abdominal folds
The basic characteristics of a beautiful abdomen are slenderness and tightness. Even when the size of the abdomen is reduced with sporting activities, diet or liposuction, the problems of excess skin which is limp or hangs like an apron remain.
When there are significant oscillations in weight, e.g. during pregnancy, the skin partly loses the ability to return to its previous state. In this case, plastic surgery offers the tummy tuck treatment which removes excess skin and flattens the abdomen.
This procedure includes a wide range of plastic or cosmetic surgical procedures and should be considered only when body activity or a healthy diet cannot produce further visual improvements.
Eyebrow correction
Our emotions - sadness, anger, laughter, happiness – leave marks on our face. Barely visible when we are 25, these marks deepen with time and can no longer be ignored.
Wrinkles develop primarily because the facial skin is inextricably connected with subcutaneous facial muscles, and over the time, intense muscular activity reduces the tightness and elasticity of tissue, the amount of skin fat and connective tissue.
The most frequently occurring wrinkles are the so-called “crow’s feet”, glabellar wrinkles and frown lines.
Apart from other methods which provide visibly younger looking skin (face lift and laser therapy), correction of the eyebrows can also be done with products such as Botox or Xeomin, which contain an active ingredient botulinum toxin (BTX). This substance is used in small doses to avoid health risks, and is also very efficient.
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is injected directly into the skin with a syringe to block the transmission of the substance that causes contractions of facial muscles. The aim is to visibly soften wrinkles. The treatment requires minimum effort from the patient, and complications are rare.
The first visible results can be expected within 2-5 days. Within 6 weeks, the lines are visibly softened and flattened, and the skin is smoother.
This procedure does not aim at complete removal of all wrinkles, as this would turn the face into a mask, it rather seeks to make the skin visibly younger and to soften the wrinkles, while maintaining the natural look of the face.
The toxin disintegrates inside the body and within 3-9 months, the contraction signals usually stop functioning so the procedure needs to be repeated.
Eyebrow injections
Development of facial wrinkles with age is quite normal.
The reason for this is reduced elasticity of tissue and amount of skin fat, and the decay of the connective tissue. When wrinkles appear, aesthetic dermatology offers the possibility of anti-wrinkle injections with different tissue fillers which are injected into the wrinkles.
The impact of age on the appearance is thus corrected on the individual basis. Depending on the filling material, the results can be temporary or permanent.